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There is an urgent need for agricultural systems to intensify sustainably, increasing crop productivity, farmer livelihoods and soil health while using fewer resources. Crop perennialization, the conversion of especially annual gr...
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There is an urgent need for agricultural systems to intensify sustainably, increasing crop productivity, farmer livelihoods and soil health while using fewer resources. Crop perennialization, the conversion of especially annual grains to perennial forms, has shown such possibility. Here we report the successful breeding of perennial rice and assess its performance and potential. Domesticated, annual Asian rice (Oryza sativa) was hybridized with its perennial African relative Oryza longistaminata. From a single planting, irrigated perennial rice produced grain for eight consecutive harvests over four years, averaging 6.8 Mg ha(-1) harvest(-1) versus the 6.7 Mg of replanted annual rice, which required additional labour and seed. Four years of cropping with perennial rice resulted in soils accumulating 0.95 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) organic carbon and 0.11 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) nitrogen, along with increases in soil pH (0.3-0.4) and plant-available water capacity (7.2 mm). Perennial cultivars are strongly preferred by farmers; growing them saves 58.1% of labour and 49.2% of input costs in each regrowth cycle. In 2021, perennial rice was grown on 15,333 ha by 44,752 smallholder farmers in southern China. Suited to a broad range of frost-free environments between 40 degrees N and 40 degrees S, perennial rice is a step change with potential to improve livelihoods, enhance soil quality and inspire research on other perennial grains. The environmental and socioeconomic costs of annual crops challenge their sustainability. This study reports the successful breeding of perennial rice and assesses its benefits for yields, soil health and farm labour and income as well as its potential geographic range globally.
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3-Methylthio-1-propanol (3-Met) is widely used as a flavoring substance and an essential aroma ingredient in many foods. Producing 3-Met by microbial transformation is green and eco-friendly. In the present study, one strain, YHM-...
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3-Methylthio-1-propanol (3-Met) is widely used as a flavoring substance and an essential aroma ingredient in many foods. Producing 3-Met by microbial transformation is green and eco-friendly. In the present study, one strain, YHM-G, which produced a high level of 3-Met, was isolated from the Baijiu-producing environment. Strain YHM-G was identified as Hyphopichia burtonii according to its morphological properties, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and ribosomal large subunit 26S rRNA gene D1/D2 domain sequence analysis. The optimal conditions for 3-Met production by YHM-G were obtained by single factor design, Plackett–Burman design, steepest ascent path design and response surface methodology as follows 42.7 g/L glucose, pH 6, 0.9 g/L yeast extract, 6 g/L L-methionine (L-Met), culture temperature 28 °C, shaking speed 210 rpm, loading volume 50 mL/250 mL, inoculum size 0.5% (v/v), culturing period 48 h and 2.5 g/L Tween-80. Under these optimal conditions, the 3-Met production by strain YHM-G was 3.16 g/L, a value 88.1% higher than that before optimization. Strain YHM-G can also produce a variety of flavor compounds that are important for many foods. This strain thus has the potential to increase the abundance of 3-Met in some fermented foods and enhance their aroma profiles.
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In this paper, we propose a new economic dispatch model with random wind power, demand response and carbon tax. The specific feature of the demand response model is that the consumer's electricity demand is divided into two parts:...
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In this paper, we propose a new economic dispatch model with random wind power, demand response and carbon tax. The specific feature of the demand response model is that the consumer's electricity demand is divided into two parts: necessary part and non-essential part. The part of the consumer's participation in the demand response is the non-essential part of the electricity consumption. The optimal dispatch objective is to obtain the minimum total cost (fuel cost, random wind power cost and emission cost) and the maximum consumer's non-essential demand response benefit while satisfying some given constraints. In order to solve the optimal dispatch objective, a multi-subpopulation bat optimization algorithm (MSPBA) is proposed by using different search strategies. Finally, a case of an economic dispatch model is given to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the established mathematical model and proposed algorithm. The economic dispatch model includes three thermal generators, two wind turbines and two consumers. The simulation results show that the proposed model can reduce the consumer's electricity demand, reduce fuel cost and reduce the impact on the environment while considering random wind energy, non-essential demand response and carbon tax. In addition, the superiority of the proposed algorithm is verified by comparing with the optimization results of CPLEX+YALMIP toolbox for MATLAB, BA, DBA and ILSSIWBA.
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Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play crucial roles in cancers, but the role and mechanism of HDAC7 in NSCLC have not been fully understood. A total of 319 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who underwent surgery were en...
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Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play crucial roles in cancers, but the role and mechanism of HDAC7 in NSCLC have not been fully understood. A total of 319 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who underwent surgery were enrolled in this study. Immunohistochemistry and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis were performed to investigate the relationship between HDAC7, fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) expression, and clinicopathologic characteristics. Cell functional experiments were implemented both in vivo and in vitro to investigate the effects on NSCLC cell proliferation and metastasis. Recombinant lentivirus–meditated in vivo gene overexpression or knockdown, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blotting, and coimmunoprecipitation assays were applied to clarify the underlying molecular mechanism of HDAC7 in promoting NSCLC progression. The elevated expression of HDAC7 or FGF18 was positively correlated with poor prognosis, tumor–node–metastasis (TNM) stage, and tumor differentiation of NSCLC patients. NSCLC patients with co-expressed HDAC7 and FGF18 suffered the worst prognosis. HDAC7 overexpression promoted NSCLC proliferation and metastasis by upregulating FGF18. Conversely, overexpression of FGF18 reversed the attenuated ability in tumor growth and metastasis mediated by downregulating HDAC7. In terms of mechanism, our results suggested that the interaction of HDAC7 with β-catenin caused decreased β-catenin acetylation level at Lys49 and decreased phosphorylation level at Ser45. As a consequence, the HDAC7-mediated posttranslational modification of β-catenin facilitated nuclear transfer and activated FGF18 expression via binding to TCF4. Furthermore, deubiquitinase USP10 interacted with and stabilized HDAC7. The suppression of USP10 significantly accelerated the degradation of HDAC7 and weakened NSCLC growth and migration. Our findings reveal that HDAC7 promotes NSCLC progression through being stabilized by USP10 and activating the β-catenin-FGF18 pathway. Targeting this novel pathway may be a promising strategy for further developments in NSCLC therapy.
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Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) was one of the most devastating diseases of the pig industry, among various strategies, vaccination was one of the most useful tools for PRRS c...
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Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) was one of the most devastating diseases of the pig industry, among various strategies, vaccination was one of the most useful tools for PRRS control. Attenuated live vaccine was used worldwide, however, the genetic basis of HP-PRRSV virulence change during attenuation remain to be determined. Here, to identify virulence associated regions of HP-PRRSV during attenuation in vitro, six full-length infectious cDNA clones with interchanges of 5′UTR + ORF1a, ORF1b, and ORF2-7 + 3′UTR regions between HP-PRRSV strain HuN4-F5 and its attenuated vaccine strain HuN4-F112 were generated, and chimeric viruses were rescued. Piglets were inoculated with chimeric viruses and their parental viruses, and rectal temperature were recorded daily, and serum were collected for future experiments. Our results showed that ORF1a played an important role on virus replication, cytokine response and lung damage, the exchange of ORF1b and ORF2-7 in different backbone led to different exhibition on virus replication in vivo/vitro and cytokine response. Among 9 PRRSV attenuated series, consistent amino acid changes during PRRSV attenuation were found in NSP4, NSP9, GP2, E, GP3 and GP4. Our study provides a fundamental data for the investigation of PRRSV attenuation, the different results of the virulence change among different studies indicated that different mechanisms might be used during PRRSV virulence enhancement in vivo and attenuation in vitro.
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Dysfunction of gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA(A)) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) is a prominent factor affecting intractable epilepsy. Plic-1, an ubiquitin-like protein enriched in the inhibitory synapses connecting GABA(A)Rs and the ubiq...
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Dysfunction of gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA(A)) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) is a prominent factor affecting intractable epilepsy. Plic-1, an ubiquitin-like protein enriched in the inhibitory synapses connecting GABA(A)Rs and the ubiquitin protease system (UPS), plays a key role in the modification of GABA(A)R functions. However, the relationship between Plic-1 and epileptogenesis is not known. In the present study, we aimed to investigate Plic-1 levels in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, as well as the role of Plic-1 in regulating onset and progression of epilepsy in animal models. We found that Plic-1 expression was significantly decreased in patients with epilepsy as well as pilocarpine- and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced rat epileptic models. Intrahippocampal injection of the PeP alpha peptide, which disrupts Plic-1 binding to GABA(A)Rs, significantly shortened the latency of seizure onset, and increased the seizure severity and duration in these two epileptic models. Overexpressed Plic-1 through lentivirus transfection into a PTZ model resulted in a reduction in both seizure severity and generalized tonic-clonic seizure duration. Whole-cell clamp recordings revealed that the PeP alpha peptide decreased miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) whereas overexpressed Plic-1 increased mIPSCs in the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus. These effects can be blocked by picrotoxin, a GABA(A)R inhibitor. Our results indicate that Plic-1 plays an important role in managing epileptic seizures by enhancing seizure inhibition through regulation of GABA(A)Rs at synaptic sites.
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In the absence of tillage, perennial rice is an innovation and supplement to rice production. Proper N fertilizer application connected to planting density has been proposed as an effective way to improve rice yields. The tradeoff...
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In the absence of tillage, perennial rice is an innovation and supplement to rice production. Proper N fertilizer application connected to planting density has been proposed as an effective way to improve rice yields. The tradeoff between crop N uptake and N supply is essential for optimal N management and soil environment benefit in the perennial rice cropping system. To assess the response of perennial rice to N fertilizer and planting density, field experiments with four consecutive growing seasons within two years, from 2016 to 2017, were conducted in southern China. Four nitrogen rates (N0, N1, N2, and N3 refer to 0, 120, 180, and 240 kg N ha?1, respectively) combined with three planting densities (D1, D2, and D3 refer to 100 × 103, 167 × 103 and 226 × 103 plants ha?1, respectively) were designed. The results showed that both N rate and planting density significantly affected crop production (p < 0.05), N uptake and soil N balance. Specifically, the N2D3 mode could achieve sustainable and higher dry matter accumulation (15.15 t ha?1) and grain yield (7.67 t ha?1) among all the treatments over the four seasons. A positive relationship between N uptake and dry matter/grain yield was observed. The N2D3 mode showed significantly higher N uptake (201 kg ha?1 each season) and less soil N loss (27.1%), relative to C.K. Additionally, the N2D3 mode could reach the optimal N balance (?0.2 kg ha?1) with a low N requirement (23.9 kg N Mg?1 grain), resulting in higher N use efficiency (NAE 26.5 kg N kg?1, NRE 64.9%). In the perennial rice cropping system, therefore, 180 kg N ha?1 integrated with 226 × 103 plants ha?1 could deliver higher grain yields with less N requirement, higher N use efficiency and less soil N loss. This optimal combination between planting density and nitrogen rate can result in soil N balance for sustainable perennial rice production.
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The establishment of bipolar spindles during meiotic divisions ensures faithful chromosome segregation to prevent gamete aneuploidy. We analyzed centriole duplication, as well as centrosome maturation and separation during meiosis...
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The establishment of bipolar spindles during meiotic divisions ensures faithful chromosome segregation to prevent gamete aneuploidy. We analyzed centriole duplication, as well as centrosome maturation and separation during meiosis I and II using mouse spermatocytes. The first round of centriole duplication occurs during early prophase I, and then, centrosomes mature and begin to separate by the end of prophase I to prime formation of bipolar metaphase I spindles. The second round of centriole duplication occurs at late anaphase I, and subsequently, centrosome separation coordinates bipolar segregation of sister chromatids during meiosis II. Using a germ cell-specific conditional knockout strategy, we show that Polo-like kinase 1 and Aurora A kinase are required for centrosome maturation and separation prior to metaphase I, leading to the formation of bipolar metaphase I spindles. Furthermore, we show that PLK1 is required to block the second round of centriole duplication and maturation until anaphase I. Our findings emphasize the importance of maintaining strict spatiotemporal control of cell cycle kinases during meiosis to ensure proficient centrosome biogenesis and, thus, accurate chromosome segregation during spermatogenesis.
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The live working paths for equipotential operators in the hanging basket method is determined by minimum safety values of various clearances stipulated in regulations. However, the optimization of the safety path planning by the c...
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The live working paths for equipotential operators in the hanging basket method is determined by minimum safety values of various clearances stipulated in regulations. However, the optimization of the safety path planning by the complex gaps is scarce. In this paper, an optimization method for path planning is proposed based on ant colony algorithm. Grid model is established to partition the operation area into different calculation districts, in which key parameters are grid data and obstacle grids. Grid data are the maximum value of the electric field strength on the body surface, calculated by the finite element model. And obstacle grids are grids that dissatisfy the requirements of complex gaps and their data are larger than the air breakdown field strength. Then ant colony algorithm is employed to search for the best operation path with the minimum working distance and the minimum electric field strength value. After that, an application case is illustrated to demonstrate the optimizing processes. At last, the shock U-50 test and power frequency corona discharge test are implemented to verify the safety of the optimized path. Therefore, the path obtained by the proposed method scientifically and effectively shortens the distance of the hanging basket method.
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Pre-eclampsia is associated with altered maternal and placental vascular reactivity. Kv7 channels (encoded by KCNQ 1-5 genes) are a potential contributor to the regulation of vascular tone in CPAs (chorionic plate arteries) during...
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Pre-eclampsia is associated with altered maternal and placental vascular reactivity. Kv7 channels (encoded by KCNQ 1-5 genes) are a potential contributor to the regulation of vascular tone in CPAs (chorionic plate arteries) during normal pregnancy. The aim of this study is to establish the expression profile of KCNQ subunits in CPAs taken from women with preeclampsia or normotensive women and to examine the functional relevance of the Kv7 channels on an altered expression profile of KCNQ subunits. The effects of Kv7 channel modulators on CPAs were investigated by tension measurement. Quantitative PCR experiments were used to analyze the expression of KCNQ genes. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were both used to analyze the protein expression of Kv7 channels. Finally, in CPAs from normotensive women, the Kv7 channel blocker XE991 increased arterial basal tone and U46619 induced contraction, and pre-contracted CPAs (10(-7) M U46619) exhibited significant relaxation following treatment with Retigabine(Kv7.2-7.5 activator) and BMS-204352(Kv7.2-7.5 activator). However, ICA-27243(selective KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 activator) and ML277(selective KV7.1 activator) had no significant effect on tension in the pre-contracted CPAs. Conversely, compared with CPAs from normotensive women, the effects of XE991 on basal tone and agonist (U46619)-induced contractions in CPAs from women with preeclampsia were markedly attenuated. Moreover, the relaxation effects of Retigabine and BMS-204352 on pre contracted CPA vessels from women with pre-eclampsia were also markedly down-regulated. Interestingly, the relaxation ability of ICA-27243 in pre-contracted CPA vessels in women with pre-eclampsia was enhanced. The mRNA of KCNQ3 was specifically up-regulated, whereas those for KCNQ4 and KCNQ5 were down-regulated in CPAs from women with pre-eclampsia compared with those in normotensive women. Similar observations were found in a subsequent analysis of protein expression of KCNQ genes 3-5. Thus, down-regulated Kv7 channel function in tension regulation of CPAs in women with pre-eclampsia could be associated with considerably altered expression profiles of Kv7 subunits.
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